The Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 provides the following industrial relations machinery for resolution of conflicts except

The Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 formally provides for conciliation (machinery for amicable settlement), arbitration (voluntary or compulsory reference to arbitrator), and adjudication (labor court, tribunal, or national tribunal). Negotiations are not a statutory mechanism under the Act - they are the direct bargaining process between employers and employees that occurs before these formal mechanisms are invoked.