This refers to Perl subroutine predeclaration. In Perl, calling a subroutine before it's declared requires either predeclaration (forward declaration with 'sub name;') or using parentheses. Option 1 (likely '&sub or sub()) requires no predeclaration. Option 2 (likely just 'sub') requires predeclaration to avoid ambiguity with barewords. Thus option 2 specifically needs predeclaration of complex_num.