Oracle can start with just one control file, though production databases should multiplex control files (maintain multiple copies) for redundancy. The control file contains critical metadata like database name, file locations, and checkpoint information.
Oracle requires a minimum of one control file to mount and open a database — the control file tracks essential structural metadata like datafile and redo log locations, checkpoint information, and the database name. In practice, Oracle strongly recommends multiplexing multiple copies for safety, but functionally only one is required to start the instance.