You plan to take a closed database backup using operating system commands. Which three SHUTDOWN options are appropriate for this type of backup? (Choose three)

This is a 'choose three' Oracle question. For a consistent (closed/cold) backup taken with OS commands, the database must be shut down cleanly so all datafiles are checkpointed and consistent. Three SHUTDOWN modes accomplish this: NORMAL (waits for all users to disconnect), IMMEDIATE (rolls back active transactions, disconnects sessions), and TRANSACTIONAL (waits for in-flight transactions to commit/roll back). All three perform a checkpoint and leave the files consistent, requiring no instance recovery on restart. Only SHUTDOWN ABORT is inappropriate: it terminates the instance without a checkpoint, leaving datafiles inconsistent and requiring crash recovery, so a copy taken afterward is unsafe. The DB flags only NORMAL, which is a correct answer, but the complete correct set is NORMAL + IMMEDIATE + TRANSACTIONAL; the flag data is incomplete.

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