Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) made significant improvements to the telescope in 1609, discovered Jupiter's four largest moons (Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto), and studied pendulum motion which led to more accurate timekeeping. While he didn't invent the telescope (Hans Lippershey did), his astronomical discoveries and systematic observations were revolutionary. His work on pendulums later influenced Christian Huygens' pendulum clock.